Laboratory tests

White Blood Cell (WBC): cells of the immune system; elevated levels can indicate infection or leukemia, decreased levels can be seen in certain conditions and as a result of certain medications (e.g. corticosteroids)

Neutrophil%: an increase often suggests a bacterial infection but can also indicate leukemia; decreased levels can be seen in hematopoietic disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, alcohol consumption, and certain viral infections (hepatitis, HIV)

LUC%: "large, immature white blood cell forms"; increased levels can indicate infection or leukemia

Lymphocyte%: immune cells specialized against viruses: an increased level indicates viral infection or leukemia, a decreased number can suggest malnutrition, cancerous- and autoimmune diseases.

Monocyte%: their role is to destroy pathogens and cancer cells; causes for their increase include infections, autoimmune- and cancerous diseases, while a decrease can be caused by hematopoietic diseases, chemotherapy, autoimmune diseases

Basophil%: they play a role in triggering allergic reactions, in immune defense, and wound healing; an increase may suggest hypothyroidism or hematopoietic disease, while a decrease may indicate hyperthyroidism or allergic reaction

LUC, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Basophil: while the above values show their percentage within the total white blood cell count, here their absolute value/number is visible

Eosinophil: immune cells, which get activated in cases of worm-, and parasite infections, then, as well as in atopic-, autoimmune and cancerous diseases, their increase is expected

Red Blood Cell (RBC): the blood element that carries oxygen; a decrease can suggest anemia, bleeding, kidney disease, an increase can indicate obstructive lung disease or a hematopoietic error affecting the red blood cells

Hemoglobin: the molecule found in red blood cells to which oxygen binds; a decrease indicates anemia, an increase indicates so-called polycythemia

Hematocrit: it gives the proportion of cellular elements in the blood; it also decreases in anemia, and can be elevated in various hematopoietic diseases (e.g. leukemia)

MCV: it shows the average volume of red blood cells; it helps to differentiate between different types of anemia

MCH: it measures the average hemoglobin content of red blood cells; a decreased level suggests anemia, an elevated level can indicate nutritional deficiency

MCHC: it looks at the average hemoglobin concentration of red blood cells; see MCH for deviations

RDW-CV: it informs about the size and shape of red blood cells; liver disease, anemia, nutritional deficiencies can all affect its value

Platelet: blood elements that play a role in blood clotting; if there are too few, it can lead to bleeding, if there are too many, it can lead to the formation of blood clots

MPV: it gives the average volume of platelets; if the size of the platelets is too large, it increases the risk of heart attack and stroke, if it's too small, it can lead to bleeding

Glucose: blood sugar level; changes -either decreased or too high- indicate a carbohydrate metabolism disorder, most often diabetes

Urea: a substance produced from the breakdown of amino acids, which is excreted by the kidneys; an elevated level may indicate kidney disease

Creatinine: a by-product of muscle metabolism, which is excreted by the kidneys; used together with urea to assess kidney condition

eGFR-EPI: an indicator of kidney function; a decrease indicates a narrowing of kidney function

Sodium: an ion of the salt-water balance; an elevated value may indicate kidney or heart disease

Potassium: an important ion in our body, which can decrease due to vomiting and diarrhea and can increase in renal failure and Addison's disease; deviation from the normal value can cause dangerous cardiac arrhythmias!

Cholesterol: a building block of all our cells, bile acids, and many hormones; an elevated level leads to heart and vascular diseases

Triglycerides: blood fats/fatty acids found in the blood, the energy supplier of our body; a pathologically elevated value can be observed in diabetes, pancreatitis, kidney failure, and alcoholism

HDL-Cholesterol: the "good" cholesterol, which transports cholesterol deposited in the blood and vessel walls to the liver, where it can be excreted from the body; a low value increases the risk of cardiovascular disease

LDL-Cholesterol: the "bad" cholesterol; it transports cholesterol from the liver to the cells, which, when deposited in the arteries, causes arteriosclerosis, thus increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases

GOT: see Gamma-GT

GPT: see Gamma-GT

Gamma-GT: all three are part of the liver panel, their elevated values indicate impairment of liver function, whether of viral, alcoholic, toxic, or hypoxic origin

Urine pH : indicates the chemistry of urine, its differences may indicate lung, kidney or metabolic abnormalities. Elevated pH is characteristic of urinary tract infections.

Urine specific gravity : shows the kidney's ability to concentrate; its value depends on the amount of fluid taken in, the condition of the kidneys and the level of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).

Urine sugar : urine does not normally contain sugar, but if it does, it indicates diabetes or a pre-diabetes condition

Urine ketone bodies : molecules that increase in diabetes and appear in the urine

Nitrite : its positivity indicates a urinary tract infection

Urobilinog. (UBG) and

Urine bilirubin : elevated values may indicate diseases of bile and liver origin, as well as red blood cell breakdown

White blood cell : a symptom of inflammation of the kidney, urinary tract, or, in men, the prostate

Urine protein : its positivity indicates kidney disease (normally, the kidney does not pass protein molecules from the blood, so it is not present in the urine or only in very small amounts)

Urine blood : refers to bleeding in the kidney or urinary tract, the cause of which can be: infection, stone, tumor, etc. (in women, it can also be positive due to incorrect sampling during menstruation)

Milk, dairy products: alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, buffalo milk, sheep's milk, casein, goat's milk, cow's milk, egg white, egg yolk

Fish, seafood: aji fish, seaweed espaguette, spirulina algae, wakame algae, eel, snail, pike, dorado, black bass, codfish, scallop, spotted codfish, shrimp, herring, lobster, mussel, oyster, swordfish, caviar, blue mussel, clam, salmon, flounder, mackerel, sunfish, oyster, monkfish, trout, octopus, carp, turbot, bass, sardine, cockle, cuttlefish, squid, tuna, cod

Fruits: apple, pineapple, avocado, banana, lemon, cherry, date, strawberry, guava, blackberry, blackcurrant, fig, watermelon, pomegranate, grapefruit, guava, kiwi, pear, lychee, lime, raspberry, mandarin, mango, raisin, orange, nectarine, olive, peach, papaya, tomato, rhubarb, currant, apricot, melon, mulberry, plum, grape, cranberry

Herbs and Spices: aloe vera, anise, bay leaf, basil, mixed pepper (black/white), peppermint, cayenne pepper, nettle, curry, licorice, cinnamon, garlic, ginkgo, ginseng, ginger, thyme, chamomile, dill, hops, coriander, cumin, marjoram, mint, mustard seed, parsley, rosemary, saffron, clove, nutmeg, tarragon, vanilla, red chili, sage

Meats: lamb, buffalo, veal, chicken, pork, partridge, quail, duck, goat, horse, beef, rabbit, turkey, venison, ostrich, wild boar

Vegetables: amaranth, artichoke, pea, broccoli, potato, beet, chicory, chickpea, zucchini, sweet potato, fennel (leaf), white bean, white carrot, lettuce, onion, cabbage, red cabbage, caper, cauliflower, pumpkin, chard, cassava, shallot, eggplant, pepper, leek, radish, arugula, carrot, asparagus, spinach, broad bean, soybean, cucumber, horseradish, red kidney bean, celery, green bean, Brussels sprout, lentil

Nuts: walnut, pine nut, peanut, cashew, coconut, macadamia nut, almond, hazelnut, Brazil nut, pistachio, tiger nut

Cereals: barley, wheat, wheat bran, durum wheat, gliadin, semolina (polenta), millet, corn, couscous, flaxseed, malt, buckwheat, quinoa, rice, rye flour, spelt, transglutaminase, oat

Others: tea (black), tea (green), agar-agar, yeast (baking), yeast (beer), chestnut, cocoa bean, mushroom, coffee, cola nut, honey, cane sugar, sunflower seed, rapeseed, carob, sesame seed, tapioca

Apple, lamb, Brazil nut, broccoli, potato, wheat, chicken, melon mix, walnut, durum wheat, freshwater fish (salmon, trout), yeast, white fish mix (cod and flounder), blackcurrant, garlic, peanut, strawberry, gluten, mushroom, grapefruit, ginger, shellfish and crab, cocoa bean, cabbage, cashew, corn, almond, beef, orange and lemon, olive, pepper mix (red, green, yellow), tomato, leek, rice, rye flour, carrot, pork, soybean, tea, cow's milk, egg, tuna, cucumber, oat, celery, vegetable (pea, lentil, bean).

Alder pollen, birch pollen, hazel pollen, oak pollen, willow pollen, brush mould (Penicillium notatum), sooty mould (Cladosporium herbarum), Aspergillus fumigatus mould, yeast fungus, Alternaria tenius fungus, dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssin), cat hair-skin, dog skin, feather species, meadow foxtail, rye pollen, mixed poultry feathers (goose, chicken, duck, turkey), ragweed, mugwort, plantain pollen.

Cat hair/skin, horse hair, cattle hair, dog skin, guinea pig skin, rabbit skin, hamster skin, rat skin, mouse skin, mixed poultry feathers (goose, chicken, duck, turkey), brush mould (Penicillium notatum), sooty mould (Cladosporium herbarum), Aspergillus fumigatus mould, yeast fungus, Alternaria tenius fungus, ragweed, mugwort, meadow daisy, dandelion, goldenrod, alder pollen, hazel pollen, poplar pollen, willow pollen, poplar tree pollen, maple pollen, birch pollen, beech tree pollen, oak pollen, walnut tree pollen, dust mite (D. pteronyssius), dust mite (D. farinae), house dust, cockroach, plantain pollen, thistle pollen, meadow foxtail pollen, sheep sorrel pollen, grass mix (timothy grass, ryegrass, English ryegrass, meadow foxtail), grass mix (spring vetchling, English ryegrass, reed, cultivated rye, feathered reed grass).

Egg, cow's milk, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, casein, codfish, wheat flour, peanut, soy, tomato, carrot, potato, orange, apple, banana, peach, sesame seed, shellfish, beef, kiwi, celery, almond, hazelnut.

pork, beef, chicken, lamb, tomato, carrot, potato, mustard, cod, crab, blue mussel, tuna, salmon, kiwi, mango, pineapple, orange, apple, banana, peach, cow's milk, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin , casein, sesame seeds, baker's yeast, garlic, celery, hazelnuts, tomatoes, almonds, coconuts, peanuts, eggs, goat's milk, rye flour, oats, corn, buckwheat, wheat flour